The Little-Known Benefits Of Adhd Assessment: Difference between revisions

From Wiki Athenas
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with "Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>Analyzing the prevalence of adhd in adulthood is vital for a proper diagnosis of the condition, which can be an overwhelming endeavor. There are a variety of methods to determine adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These tests aren't necessarily simple to carry out however they are frequent.<br><br>Interview with parents and children<br><br>A parent/child interview is an essential element of the ev...")
 
mNo edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>Analyzing the prevalence of adhd in adulthood is vital for a proper diagnosis of the condition, which can be an overwhelming endeavor. There are a variety of methods to determine adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These tests aren't necessarily simple to carry out however they are frequent.<br><br>Interview with parents and children<br><br>A parent/child interview is an essential element of the evaluation of children suffering from ADHD. It provides the doctor with crucial information about the phenomenological and ecological significance of the child's symptoms. This information should be paired with other data sources to aid in making an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The key to a successful interview is to provide specific and specific questions. Do not ask too many questions about parents' personal issues. Be careful not to take informal observations of the child’s behavior as a judgement.<br><br>A key criterion to diagnose ADHD is its widespreadness. A reliable measure of the degree of pervasiveness of symptoms is CHATTI. It is a straightforward but effective tool to evaluate teacher-reported total symptom scores.<br><br>The questionnaire is another helpful tool. The questionnaire is easy to use and has a high degree of reliability. However, they can be influenced by biases in the rater.<br><br>Although the interview between parents and children is a crucial aspect of the evaluation, it can be condemned for its lack reliability. Parents can be irritated by the examination process and the interview could be a healing experience for them.<br><br>Interviews with parents/children should be accompanied by a thorough clinical assessment. A thorough review of the child's previous documents should be conducted. The psychoeducational and medical records, as well as test results can provide the psychologist insight into the child's psychological profile.<br><br>The reason for the referral is an additional aspect to take into consideration. A referral for an ADHD diagnosis could be prompted by a child's behavior issues. There is also the possibility of stress in the family as a potential cause of the child's difficulties.<br><br>A great interview should contain a mix of standardized testing and parent-child interactions. If the examiner plans to conduct an interview with a child of a minority they should try to comply with the cultural norms.<br><br>The most crucial element in a parent/child interview is the rapport the examiner establishes with parents. A diagnosis can be determined if the examiner has established a rapport with the parent, and also the interview data.<br><br>The interview should be seen as a positive element of a thorough, accurate assessment of the child’s emotional, behavioral, and social strengths and weaknesses. An accurate assessment can help determine the child's development and provide the most appropriate treatment.<br><br>Self-report scales for rating<br><br>Rating scales are useful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by healthcare professionals, clinicians, providers such as parents and caregivers, and others. There are a myriad of rating scales that can be used to determine the behavioral symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a self-report questionnaire which measures ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions require participants to rate their symptoms. Part B tests measure the severity of symptoms. Both tests have been extensively studied, and there is a lot of research on their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has a high level of concurrent validity. Furthermore, the questions are constructed based on DSM criteria, and they are designed to be able to detect symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores indicate the severity of the effects on the patient's daily life.<br><br>These test tools are very popular, however the relationship between their accuracy and the actual diagnostic value of these tests isn't certain. One study revealed that only 7% of children who took executive functions tests, like the StanfordBinet Scale and the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive correlation between their results and those of the ASRS.<br><br>The research on the relationship between executive function tests and ADHD self-report scales has shown mixed results. This may be due to the insufficient specificity of the tests themselves. The [https://www.google.ki/url?q=https://gomez-kure.hubstack.net/the-most-popular-adhd-assessments-the-gurus-have-been-doing-3-things adhd assessment uk online] self-report questionnaire results have not been demonstrated to be correlated with attentional performance or other aspects of the EF.<br><br>Although these tests aren't perfect, they're an effective way to determine the likelihood that someone has ADHD. If a person has ADHD and scores on these tests will be greater than 60. A question like "[https://stairways.wiki/wiki/Seven_Explanations_On_Why_ADHD_Assessments_Is_So_Important how to get assessed for adhd uk] often do you have problems with concentration?" is a common answer. is scored positively, because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.<br><br>Certain rating scales may also inquire about other problems like depression that could be a result of [http://www.annunciogratis.net/author/nutronald0 cheap adhd assessment]. A shorter version of checklist from the CDC is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>A clinical interview is the most frequently used method of diagnosing ADHD in adults. This method is often used in conjunction with several other tools. These tools include cognitive testing, behavioral rating scales as well as self-report measurements. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than individual tools.<br><br>Patients are asked to explain their most prominent symptoms in different situations during a consultation. This allows clinicians assess the patient's everyday life and determine if they are suffering from ADHD. They can also give a more clear picture of the patient's difficulty with particular ADHD symptoms.<br><br>It is important to include informants who can verify the patient's history when in the process of integrating [http://www.viewtool.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=6860419 cheap adhd assessment] behavior rating systems. Insufficient information could lead to over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be a spouse, employer, and any other significant person in the adult's life. Averaging is the best way to combine these ratings.<br><br>Cognitive testing is a crucial component of diagnosing ADHD in adults. It improves the accuracy and reliability of the test battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring the treatment response. Research has demonstrated that cognitive testing coupled with ADHD behavior rating scales are more effective than relying only on one.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD are often unable to comprehend what's causing their behavior issues. It is sometimes difficult to recognize ADHD. Research has proven that ADHD symptoms such as concentration and memory are among the most effective indicators of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adults with ADHD are more likely to be victims of comorbid disorders than children. Research suggests that comorbidities may influence the subjective symptoms. Therefore future studies should study the effects of medications and psychological conditions that are comorbid.<br><br>Research has been done extensively on the accuracy and reliability of behavioral rating scales used to identify ADHD in adults. One study found that the DIVA was the most accurate and the BAARS-IV the most inaccurate. However, these tools are subjective. Researchers suggest that you get these ratings from a knowledgeable source.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a perfect instrument to assess adults suffering from ADHD. It is not just a collection of the most commonly asked questions, but it also has modules that examine the development of the child and symptomatology according to DSM criteria.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests to evaluate ADHD for adults can be useful tools. These tests can aid in diagnosing neurological diseases or brain disorders and provide guidance for treatment strategies.<br><br>Psychological tests are used to assess a range of mental abilities and behavior. They can also be used to determine the presence of developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. The results of these tests can be compared to those of normal individuals of the same age.<br><br>A neuropsychological test is a thorough, standardized test of the brain that measures various cognitive functions, is known as a neuropsychological assessment. This type of testing is usually conducted by a professional, like a psychiatrist or psychologist. The most commonly used tests are based on answering questions and doing tasks using a computer.<br><br>Psychological tests can assess intelligence, including memory and reasoning skills in addition to other aspects like multitasking and attention. These tests are designed to gauge cognitive ability without injury. It is possible for a person to have cognitive problems if they suffer from an injury or neurologic condition or any other condition. This can lead to cognitive changes.<br><br>Tests for ADHD in adults may include measures of attention and memory, as well as language and other capacities. These tests are used to differentiate between those with disabilities and healthy ones. Typically, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, especially when performing tasks that require continuous attention and abstract problem solving.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing for assessing adult ADHD is commonly employed to aid in determining an accurate diagnosis of the disorder. ADHD symptoms are typically neurocognitive in nature. Symptoms include difficulty with short-term memory as well as processing of words. These aren't the only signs of the disorder.<br><br>The results of the psychological and neuropsychological tests to determine ADHD in adults can be used to create treatment plans and an intervention plan. The individual report contains a description of symptoms and treatment recommendations and an indication for further research. Based on the results of the test the health care practitioner may conduct additional tests to screen for other conditions.<br><br>Comprehensive screening for ADHD in adults is done on a one-on-one basis. A qualified clinical psychologist will review the patient's medical history, developmental milestones , and behavior during the assessment. The psychologist also talks with the patient about his or her concerns and makes recommendations for treatment.
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>The assessment of [https://www.rmbbk.com/space-uid-2133924.html cheapest adhd assessment uk] in adults is vital for a proper diagnosis of the disorder, which can be an overwhelming process. There are numerous methods to determine adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These procedures aren't necessarily easy to conduct however they are common.<br><br>Interviews with parents and children<br><br>An essential component of ADHD evaluations is the interview with the child's parent. It can provide valuable information to the physician regarding the phenomenological as the ecological validity of the child’s symptoms. This information should be combined with data from other sources to establish a correct diagnosis.<br><br>The key to an effective interview is to provide specific and specific questions. Do not ask excessive questions about parents' personal issues. Be cautious not to interpret casual observations of the child's behavior as a form of judgement.<br><br>An important criterion for diagnosing ADHD is its widespreadness. CHATTI is a reliable measure of the extent to which symptoms are prevalent. This tool is simple and effective in evaluating teacher-reported total symptoms scores.<br><br>Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. The questionnaire is simple to use and has high reliability. They are susceptible to bias due to bias of the rater.<br><br>Although the interview between parents and children is an essential component of the test however, it is often critiqued for its lack of reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child and the interview can be a healing experience for them.<br><br>Interviews with parents/children should be accompanied by clinical evaluation. It is essential to review all records related to the child. The psychoeducational and medical records, as well as previous testing results, can provide the doctor an insight into the child's psychosocial profile.<br><br>Other factors to be considered include the reason of the referral. The child's behavior issues could indicate that a referral is necessary to establish an ADHD diagnosis. Stress in the family could be a cause for [https://bbs.pku.edu.cn/v2/jump-to.php?url=https://sciencewiki.science/wiki/What_Do_You_Do_To_Know_If_Youre_Set_For_ADHD_Assessments adhd assessment uk cost] symptoms.<br><br>A good interview should include an array of tests that are standard as well as parent/child interactions. Interviews with children from minority backgrounds should be conducted by an examiner who is committed to the standards of culture.<br><br>The most crucial element in an interview between a child and parent is the rapport that the examiner establishes with the parent. The rapport, combined with the information that is gathered during the interview can be used to develop an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The interview should be seen as a positive component of a thorough and accurate evaluation of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis will not only allow for proper treatment, but will also help determine the child's stage of development.<br><br>Self-report rating scales<br><br>Rating scales can be helpful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be used by healthcare professionals, parents, caregivers, and others. There are a myriad of rating scales that can be used to assess the symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that assesses ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to assess their symptoms, Part B questions are designed to test the severity of these symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly studied and much research has been done on their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has high concurrent validity. Additionally, the questions are constructed based on DSM criteria, and they are designed to identify symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores show the severity of the symptoms' impact on the person's daily routine.<br><br>Despite the increasing popularity of these tests however, the relationship between their accuracy and actual diagnostic value of the tests isn't evident. A study found that only 7 percent of children [http://www.028bbs.com/space-uid-332073.html who adhd assessment] took executive function tests, such as the StanfordBinet Scale and Attention Deficit Disorder Test, had positive correlations between their results and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>The research on the relationship between the executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has revealed mixed results. This could be due the insufficient specificity of the tests themselves. Furthermore, the results of the ADHD self-report questionnaire have been proven to not correlate with the performance of attention or other components of the EF.<br><br>While these measures are not perfect, they're a good way to evaluate the likelihood of someone having [https://telegra.ph/11-Ways-To-Fully-Defy-Your-Online-ADHD-Assessment-10-28 CAMHS ADHD assessment UK]. These tests will reveal ADHD in the event that the scores are higher than 60. A question such as "[https://maps.google.com.tr/url?q=https://bork-wheeler.blogbright.net/17-reasons-why-you-should-ignore-adhd-assessment-cost-uk how to get an assessment for adhd] often do you have problems with concentration?" is a common answer. will be scored positively because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.<br><br>Some scales might also inquire about ADHD-related problems such as depression. A shorter version of the checklist from the CDC is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>In establishing a diagnosis of ADHD for adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most common method. This method is utilized alongside a variety of other tools. These instruments include scales for assessing behavioral ratings, cognitive testing, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.<br><br>Patients are asked to explain their core symptoms in different scenarios during a clinical interview. The clinicians can assess the patient's daily activities and determine if they are suffering from ADHD. These charts also give an accurate picture of the patient's challenges with specific ADHD symptoms.<br><br>It is crucial to include informants who can verify the patient's history when in the process of integrating ADHD behavior rating systems. Inadequate information can lead to over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be a spouse or employer, as well as other important adult in the life of. The most effective way to integrate these ratings is through an averaging procedure.<br><br>Cognitive testing is an essential aspect of diagnosing ADHD in adults. It improves the precision of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring the treatment response. Some studies show that the combination of cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying on one or the other.<br><br>ADHD adults can have difficulty understanding the root of their behavior issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most efficient in identifying adults suffering from ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.<br><br>Adults with ADHD are more likely to be victims of comorbid conditions than children. Research suggests that comorbidities could influence subjective symptoms. Future studies should examine the effects of medication and comorbid psychological conditions.<br><br>The research has been conducted extensively on the reliability and accuracy of the behavioral rating scales that are used to identify ADHD in adults. One study showed that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were most accurate. These tools are subjective. Researchers recommend to get these ratings from knowledgeable informants.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a great instrument to evaluate adults suffering from ADHD. In addition, to having standardized questions, it includes modules that analyze developmental data and symptomatology based on DSM criteria.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests used to evaluate ADHD in adults can be useful tools. The tests aid in diagnosing neurological disorders and brain injuries, and provide guidance to treatment strategies.<br><br>Psychological tests evaluate a range of mental abilities and behavior. They can also be used in diagnosing developmental and learning disabilities. These test results can be compared with those of normal individuals of the same age.<br><br>A neuropsychological examination is an established, comprehensive test of the brain, which measures different cognitive functions. This kind of test is typically administered by a professional like a psychologist or psychiatrist. The most commonly used tests involve answering questions as well as performing tasks using a computer.<br><br>Some psychological tests measure intellectual capabilities, such memory and reasoning skills and other abilities, like multitasking and attention. These tests are designed to evaluate cognitive abilities, but not to evaluate injury. However, people can still be challenged with cognitive abilities due to injuries or neurologic conditions which could trigger cognitive changes.<br><br>Adult ADHD tests could include tests of memory, attention and language abilities. These tests are used to distinguish between those with disabilities and healthy ones. ADHD sufferers are more distracted than healthy adults, particularly when they are required to concentrate on abstract problem solving and a constant focus.<br><br>To aid in diagnosing ADHD in adults, neuropsychological and psychological tests are commonly used. ADHD symptoms tend to be neurocognitive. These symptoms include difficulties with short-term memory and the verbal process. These symptoms are not the only symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of neuropsychological and psychopsychological tests for assessing ADHD in adults can be used to develop treatment plans and develop an intervention plan. The individual report provides an explanation of the symptoms and treatment suggestions, and a recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the doctor may conduct additional tests to screen for other conditions.<br><br>A one-on one [https://www.google.ki/url?q=https://boyd-dohn-3.federatedjournals.com/5-lessons-you-can-learn-from-adhd-assessments-1730138634 Assessment adhd] for ADHD for adults takes place. A trained clinical psychologist will examine the patient's medical background, developmental milestones and behavior during the test. They also talk to the patient about their concerns, and gives recommendations for treatment.

Latest revision as of 04:51, 22 December 2024

Assessing ADHD in Adults

The assessment of cheapest adhd assessment uk in adults is vital for a proper diagnosis of the disorder, which can be an overwhelming process. There are numerous methods to determine adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These procedures aren't necessarily easy to conduct however they are common.

Interviews with parents and children

An essential component of ADHD evaluations is the interview with the child's parent. It can provide valuable information to the physician regarding the phenomenological as the ecological validity of the child’s symptoms. This information should be combined with data from other sources to establish a correct diagnosis.

The key to an effective interview is to provide specific and specific questions. Do not ask excessive questions about parents' personal issues. Be cautious not to interpret casual observations of the child's behavior as a form of judgement.

An important criterion for diagnosing ADHD is its widespreadness. CHATTI is a reliable measure of the extent to which symptoms are prevalent. This tool is simple and effective in evaluating teacher-reported total symptoms scores.

Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. The questionnaire is simple to use and has high reliability. They are susceptible to bias due to bias of the rater.

Although the interview between parents and children is an essential component of the test however, it is often critiqued for its lack of reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child and the interview can be a healing experience for them.

Interviews with parents/children should be accompanied by clinical evaluation. It is essential to review all records related to the child. The psychoeducational and medical records, as well as previous testing results, can provide the doctor an insight into the child's psychosocial profile.

Other factors to be considered include the reason of the referral. The child's behavior issues could indicate that a referral is necessary to establish an ADHD diagnosis. Stress in the family could be a cause for adhd assessment uk cost symptoms.

A good interview should include an array of tests that are standard as well as parent/child interactions. Interviews with children from minority backgrounds should be conducted by an examiner who is committed to the standards of culture.

The most crucial element in an interview between a child and parent is the rapport that the examiner establishes with the parent. The rapport, combined with the information that is gathered during the interview can be used to develop an accurate diagnosis.

The interview should be seen as a positive component of a thorough and accurate evaluation of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis will not only allow for proper treatment, but will also help determine the child's stage of development.

Self-report rating scales

Rating scales can be helpful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be used by healthcare professionals, parents, caregivers, and others. There are a myriad of rating scales that can be used to assess the symptoms of ADHD.

The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that assesses ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to assess their symptoms, Part B questions are designed to test the severity of these symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly studied and much research has been done on their accuracy.

ASRS has high concurrent validity. Additionally, the questions are constructed based on DSM criteria, and they are designed to identify symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores show the severity of the symptoms' impact on the person's daily routine.

Despite the increasing popularity of these tests however, the relationship between their accuracy and actual diagnostic value of the tests isn't evident. A study found that only 7 percent of children who adhd assessment took executive function tests, such as the StanfordBinet Scale and Attention Deficit Disorder Test, had positive correlations between their results and the results of the ASRS.

The research on the relationship between the executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has revealed mixed results. This could be due the insufficient specificity of the tests themselves. Furthermore, the results of the ADHD self-report questionnaire have been proven to not correlate with the performance of attention or other components of the EF.

While these measures are not perfect, they're a good way to evaluate the likelihood of someone having CAMHS ADHD assessment UK. These tests will reveal ADHD in the event that the scores are higher than 60. A question such as "how to get an assessment for adhd often do you have problems with concentration?" is a common answer. will be scored positively because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.

Some scales might also inquire about ADHD-related problems such as depression. A shorter version of the checklist from the CDC is available.

Structured clinical interview

In establishing a diagnosis of ADHD for adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most common method. This method is utilized alongside a variety of other tools. These instruments include scales for assessing behavioral ratings, cognitive testing, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.

Patients are asked to explain their core symptoms in different scenarios during a clinical interview. The clinicians can assess the patient's daily activities and determine if they are suffering from ADHD. These charts also give an accurate picture of the patient's challenges with specific ADHD symptoms.

It is crucial to include informants who can verify the patient's history when in the process of integrating ADHD behavior rating systems. Inadequate information can lead to over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be a spouse or employer, as well as other important adult in the life of. The most effective way to integrate these ratings is through an averaging procedure.

Cognitive testing is an essential aspect of diagnosing ADHD in adults. It improves the precision of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring the treatment response. Some studies show that the combination of cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying on one or the other.

ADHD adults can have difficulty understanding the root of their behavior issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most efficient in identifying adults suffering from ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.

Adults with ADHD are more likely to be victims of comorbid conditions than children. Research suggests that comorbidities could influence subjective symptoms. Future studies should examine the effects of medication and comorbid psychological conditions.

The research has been conducted extensively on the reliability and accuracy of the behavioral rating scales that are used to identify ADHD in adults. One study showed that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were most accurate. These tools are subjective. Researchers recommend to get these ratings from knowledgeable informants.

A structured clinical interview is a great instrument to evaluate adults suffering from ADHD. In addition, to having standardized questions, it includes modules that analyze developmental data and symptomatology based on DSM criteria.

Psychological and neuropsychological tests

Psychological and neuropsychological tests used to evaluate ADHD in adults can be useful tools. The tests aid in diagnosing neurological disorders and brain injuries, and provide guidance to treatment strategies.

Psychological tests evaluate a range of mental abilities and behavior. They can also be used in diagnosing developmental and learning disabilities. These test results can be compared with those of normal individuals of the same age.

A neuropsychological examination is an established, comprehensive test of the brain, which measures different cognitive functions. This kind of test is typically administered by a professional like a psychologist or psychiatrist. The most commonly used tests involve answering questions as well as performing tasks using a computer.

Some psychological tests measure intellectual capabilities, such memory and reasoning skills and other abilities, like multitasking and attention. These tests are designed to evaluate cognitive abilities, but not to evaluate injury. However, people can still be challenged with cognitive abilities due to injuries or neurologic conditions which could trigger cognitive changes.

Adult ADHD tests could include tests of memory, attention and language abilities. These tests are used to distinguish between those with disabilities and healthy ones. ADHD sufferers are more distracted than healthy adults, particularly when they are required to concentrate on abstract problem solving and a constant focus.

To aid in diagnosing ADHD in adults, neuropsychological and psychological tests are commonly used. ADHD symptoms tend to be neurocognitive. These symptoms include difficulties with short-term memory and the verbal process. These symptoms are not the only symptoms of the disorder.

The results of neuropsychological and psychopsychological tests for assessing ADHD in adults can be used to develop treatment plans and develop an intervention plan. The individual report provides an explanation of the symptoms and treatment suggestions, and a recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the doctor may conduct additional tests to screen for other conditions.

A one-on one Assessment adhd for ADHD for adults takes place. A trained clinical psychologist will examine the patient's medical background, developmental milestones and behavior during the test. They also talk to the patient about their concerns, and gives recommendations for treatment.